Theta Framework Case Study · Consumer Packaged Goods

Rebuilding
the pantry.

Kraft Heinz is not a food company in decline. It is a 150-year-old institution mid-transformation finally asking not how to cut costs, but how to stay relevant. The most interesting part? They know exactly what went wrong.

Founded
1869 / 2015
Heinz origin / Merger
Global Presence
200+
Countries & territories
Net Sales
$24.9B
FY2025
Theta Archetype
Transitioning
Core → Edge momentum
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Kraft Heinz is present in 96% of American households. Not just known inside your refrigerator, your pantry, your muscle memory of childhood. Eight of its brands generate over a billion dollars annually. That kind of market saturation is a superpower until it becomes a sedative. For a decade, it did exactly that.

The 2015 merger, orchestrated by 3G Capital and Berkshire Hathaway, was not a vision for the future it was an arbitrage of the past. Two beloved legacies were combined and squeezed under a zero-based budgeting regime that measured everything except whether the brands were staying relevant. By 2019, a $15.4 billion write-down made the reckoning public. Consumers had moved on. The brands hadn't. The question now is whether a company built on the deepest moat in food trust, familiarity, nostalgia can channel that equity into something new enough to matter.

⚡ The fact most people don't know

Heinz developed its own proprietary tomato seed genetics in California in 1934 and still exports those seeds to select farms worldwide. Only four countries in the world perform every stage of Heinz ketchup production (growing, processing, bottling): Brazil, Egypt, Turkey, and Poland. Heinz doesn't just sell ketchup. It controls the tomato's genetic destiny. In Brazil alone, 7 billion Heinz tomatoes are processed annually.

96%
American households contain at least one Kraft Heinz product
8+
Brands generating over $1 billion in annual sales each
70%
Retail revenue from brands ranked #1 or #2 in their category
$600M
Committed in 2026 to marketing, R&D, and rebuilding capabilities
"We can't do that by continuing to rely on old ads, on the nostalgia of the brands alone. We need to make these brands relevant for today."
Steve Cahillane, CEO, Kraft Heinz · CAGNY 2026

From merger
to reckoning to reinvention.

1869
Origin
H.J. Heinz: "Pure food" as a radical act
In an era of adulterated, unlabeled food, Henry J. Heinz built a brand on a then-revolutionary promise: full ingredient transparency. The "57 varieties" tagline used when the company already had over 60 products was chosen because 5 and 7 were Heinz's lucky numbers. The brand was never about counting. It was about trust.
1903
Origin
Kraft begins: selling cheese door-to-door in Chicago
J.L. Kraft started with a horse-drawn wagon and $65. By 1916, he had patented the first commercially manufactured processed cheese. The insight was pragmatic: cheese that didn't spoil during transport. Innovation driven not by ambition but by logistics.
2015
Efficiency Mode
The merger: the world's fifth-largest food company, born from a financial thesis
3G Capital and Berkshire Hathaway combine Kraft Foods Group and H.J. Heinz. The deal created enormous scale but was engineered around zero-based budgeting annual cost rebuilding from scratch. The immediate result: 5,000+ job cuts, closed factories, stripped overhead. Adjusted EBITDA soared. R&D and brand investment quietly eroded.
→ Core allocation: ~85-90%. Innovation investment: near zero.
2018
Pressure Builds
The procurement accounting scheme: 300 transactions, $208 million in manufactured savings
Internally, the pressure to hit cost-saving targets was crushing. Procurement employees began booking supplier discounts that hadn't been earned, creating fictitious contracts to support the entries. This artificially reduced cost of goods sold and inflated EBITDA the exact metric investors watched. It ran for three years before discovery. Nobody went to prison. The company paid $62 million in civil penalties.
⚠ A culture that punishes failure doesn't eliminate it. It hides it.
2019
The Reckoning
$15.4 billion written off. Warren Buffett calls it a mistake.
The write-down of Kraft and Oscar Mayer brands was an accounting confession: these assets were worth far less than what was paid, because the future cash flows they'd generate had been permanently revised downward. Consumers were buying fresher, healthier food. The company had spent four years cutting costs instead of understanding this shift. Stock fell 60%+ from merger highs. $57 billion in market cap erased.
→ Buffett: "I was wrong on Kraft Heinz." The most expensive four words in food history.
2021
Cautious Pivot
Pruning, selling, refocusing: Planters goes to Hormel for $3.35 billion
Under new CEO Miguel Patricio, the company began shedding assets that didn't fit a more focused strategy. The Planters sale funded debt reduction and signaled intent to concentrate on fewer, stronger bets. Simultaneously, the Brand Growth System (BGS) was introduced a framework for understanding consumer expectations before making product decisions. The first genuine attempt to rebuild the innovation muscle.
2022
Structural Bet
TheNotCompany JV: AI meets Oscar Mayer
Kraft Heinz forms a joint venture with NotCo, a Chilean startup using machine learning to reverse-engineer the taste and texture of animal-based products using plants. The AI system called Giuseppe analyzes molecular structures to find plant combinations that fool the tongue. This wasn't PR. It was Kraft Heinz's first genuine Edge-to-Beyond bet: disrupting its own core products before someone else did.
→ If plant-based hits mainstream: this JV looks prescient. If it doesn't: cheap tuition.
2025
Continued Pressure
$5.6 billion non-cash impairment charge. Net loss: $5.8 billion.
Net sales fell 3.5% to $24.9 billion. Volume dropped 4.1%. Another wave of brand value write-downs acknowledged that more of the portfolio was worth less than carried. The "lean" model had hollowed out the organization's capacity to respond. The impairments are not cash leaving the business they are the accounting system finally catching up to reality.
2026
Committed Reinvention
$600M investment. Pause the split. Fix the business. CEO Cahillane draws a line.
New CEO Steve Cahillane announces the company will pause its planned split into two entities to concentrate every resource on the core turnaround. Marketing spend rises to 5.5% of net sales. R&D investment increases 20%. The Canada model focused on a few big bets, executed with discipline becomes the template for the U.S. The logic: if it worked there, it can work everywhere.
→ Target: $2.5B in gross efficiencies by end of 2026, share momentum by H2 2026, growth by 2027.
🟩 Core Zone 70% Benchmark
Existing markets, incremental improvement. The current engine. Optimize and defend. Core funds everything else.
🟨 Edge Zone 20% Benchmark
New markets, moderate-to-high tech change. Building the next S-curve. Where architectural and disruptive bets live.
🟥 Beyond Zone 10% Benchmark
Radical bets, speculative horizons. Shaping the future before others do. The zone that separates leaders from optimizers.

Reading the Map

Each point represents an active Kraft Heinz initiative plotted by market reach (X) and technological change (Y). Points clustered in the Core zone reflect strength but signal risk if the Edge and Beyond zones are thin. The diagonal progression Core → Edge → Beyond is where portfolio health lives.

Zones Active
3

The portfolio is
leaning forward.

A decade of over-investing in Core has created path dependency. The Edge zone is growing but still underweight. Beyond remains the critical gap under-resourced and under-institutionalized.

🟩 Core
~78% Benchmark: 70%
Overweight by ~8 points. A decade of cost-focus created structural Core dependency that won't unwind overnight.
🟨 Edge
~17% Benchmark: 20%
Approaching benchmark. 360Crisp and NotCo JV are genuine Edge bets with real traction. Still catching up.
🟥 Beyond
~5% Benchmark: 10%
Half the benchmark. Kalpana packaging is the lone visible transformational bet. Evolv Ventures ($100M CVC) is scouting but not yet deploying at scale.

How the portfolio
allocation shifted across four eras.

The numbers tell a story of a company that spent years optimizing itself into a corner and is now spending its way back to relevance. Each era had a different dominant force. Each left a different mark.

2015–18
The Squeeze
Core
87%
Edge
9%
Beyond
4%
Zero-based budgeting in full force. R&D starved. The procurement fraud emerged in this era manufactured cost savings filling the gap between targets and reality.
"Optimize today, hope tomorrow takes care of itself."
2019
The Reckoning
Core
83%
Edge
11%
Beyond
6%
$15.4B write-down forces a reset. New CEO Miguel Patricio installs consumer-centric language. Brand Growth System introduced. Portfolio pruning begins.
"We see the problem. We're not sure yet how to fix it."
2021–24
The Pivot
Core
80%
Edge
14%
Beyond
6%
NotCo JV formed. 360Crisp platform emerges. Divestitures free capital. Emerging markets show 13% growth using Heinz brand as lever. First genuine signals of Edge momentum.
"The seeds are in the ground. We don't know yet what grows."
2026→
Committed
Core
78%
Edge
17%
Beyond
5%
$600M investment committed. R&D up 20%. Marketing to 5.5% of sales. Canada blueprint deployed at scale in U.S. Edge bets beginning to compound. Beyond remains thin.
"The margin floor. 2027 is when growth is expected to show."

Who is building the future
in this industry?

Nestlé
The Balanced Visionary
Core: Nespresso, Purina (10% growth), Maggi reformulations
Edge: Personalized pet nutrition; carbon-neutral Wunda pea milk; CHF 700M plant-based line
Beyond: Biotech R&D (precision fermentation, clinical nutrition); Deep Tech Center opening 2026 (sensors, AI, robotics, VR)
Balanced · Industry Leader
PepsiCo
The Operational Transformer
Core: Frito-Lay dominance; portion control (60%+ in smaller formats)
Edge: poppi acquisition ($1.95B prebiotic); Alani Nu distribution; Siete Foods (permissible snacks)
Beyond: Nvidia Omniverse partnership digital twins of every machine, belt, and worker path. 20% throughput gain. Operational transformation at scale.
Operational Beyond · Product Edge
General Mills
The Cautious Builder
Core: Cereal, Blue Buffalo pet care, yogurt; portfolio reshaping ongoing
Edge: Blue Buffalo as diversification success; "Remarkability Playbook" targeting bold flavors and better-for-you
Beyond: $54M R&D center expansion (infrastructure bet, not product bet). Transformational bets not yet visible.
Building Infrastructure · Bets Pending
Conagra
The Core Defender
Core: Frozen foods; snacks growing 5.3%; clean label by 2027
Edge: Catalyst AI project (cost reduction, not innovation); modest snack portfolio expansion
Beyond: None visible. No disclosed transformational or frontier research bets.
Core Defender · High Risk Long-Term
Mondelēz
The Snacking Specialist
Core: Oreo, Cadbury, Ritz global snacking power brands
Edge: Wellness and better-for-you snacking; emerging market distribution scaling
Beyond: Cocoa farming sustainability (supply chain risk mitigation), but no visible transformational tech bets
Category Focused · Edge Growing
S
Strategic Strengths
S
The 360Crisp platform is architecturally defensible
The proprietary microwave heat-circulation technology can't be easily replicated by private label and it's now scaling across multiple brands including a Taco Bell QSR partnership. This is the rare innovation that is both patentable and commercially proven.
S
96% household penetration is a distribution moat unlike almost any other company
New products don't need to earn shelf space from scratch they inherit it. This means every Edge bet costs less to distribute than it would for a startup, and every renovation reaches more consumers faster.
S
Brazil's vertical integration is a competitive moat few know about
Proprietary Heinz seed genetics, 7 billion tomatoes processed annually, and a fully verticalized supply chain from farm to bottle means Heinz ketchup is structurally cheaper and more quality-consistent to produce than competitors attempting to match it.
S
The Canada blueprint works and it's exportable
4% CAGR over three years through simplified focus and "big bets" (Heinz Zero, protein-added Mac & Cheese) proves the model. The U.S. turnaround plan isn't theoretical it's a replication of a proven playbook from a similar market.
S
Open innovation through the Global Innovation Challenge changes the R&D calculus
Inviting 80 companies from 25 countries to pitch packaging solutions surfaced the Kalpana nano-barrier technology something no internal lab would have reached. This model turns the world's innovators into a distributed R&D function at near-zero cost.
S
Self-awareness as a genuine organizational asset
CEO Cahillane openly stated "we have been operating too lean" at a major investor conference. That level of public accountability signals a leadership culture willing to confront uncomfortable truths a prerequisite for genuine transformation.
W
Structural Weaknesses
W
The Beyond zone is structurally underfunded and underinstitutionalized
At ~5% versus a 10% benchmark, the Beyond zone doesn't just need more money it needs dedicated governance. The Kalpana packaging bet is promising, but a single transformational bet does not constitute a portfolio. There's no visible moonshot culture, no Beyond-specific leadership, and no publicly articulated 10-year vision.
W
The turnaround is CEO-dependent in a way that creates succession risk
Cahillane is the architect of every major strategic shift. There is no visible institutionalization of the innovation mandate beneath him. If the playbook lives primarily in one person's conviction rather than organizational DNA, it is fragile.
W
No clear "future consumer" thesis beyond plant-curious
The NotCo JV targets flexitarians and vegans. Kalpana targets sustainability advocates. But functional nutrition (a growing $280B+ category), personalized health, and Gen Z's relationship with food as identity are not visibly addressed in the innovation portfolio. Nestlé is already there.
W
Private label is the silent killer of every renovation-led innovation strategy
Less sugar, more protein, resealable packaging these improvements are strategically correct but operationally replicable. Walmart, Kroger, and Costco house brands can mirror any product renovation within a product cycle. The only defensible innovations are platform-level (360Crisp) or supply-chain-based (vertical tomato integration).
W
The Beyond scouting function is gone. Evolv Ventures is effectively dormant.
Launched in 2018 with $100M and a genuine mandate, Evolv made four investments (Parsable, Flowhub, Outrider, Fabric) before its founder Bill Pescatello departed in December 2021. No successor was named. No investments have been announced since. The fund appears to have been quietly wound down during the post-2019 cost-cutting era. This means Kraft Heinz currently has no systematic mechanism for identifying, evaluating, or acquiring emerging food-tech startups at precisely the moment when the funding correction has made them historically affordable. The Beyond zone is not just underfunded. It is blind. PepsiCo spent $1.95 billion on a single acquisition. That is 19x Kraft Heinz's entire former CVC fund.
W
A decade of lean created a talent gap that money alone cannot close quickly
The company spent ten years cutting people and capabilities. The $600M investment includes "people and capabilities" as a line item suggesting the talent gaps are real and acknowledged. Data scientists, AI/ML engineers, materials scientists, and innovation leaders don't arrive at scale simply because a budget line opens.

The tensions that
define the transformation.

01
Optimizing for today vs. cannibalizing for tomorrow
The NotCo JV is designed to replace Oscar Mayer hot dogs with plant-based alternatives that taste identical. This is deliberate self-disruption but Oscar Mayer is still a core profit driver. How aggressively should the company invest in making its own products obsolete? Every dollar that accelerates plant-based is a dollar that competes with the legacy brands still funding the transformation. The timing of this transition is not optional but the pace is a judgment call with no right answer.
02
Platform innovation vs. brand renovation: which earns the next decade?
The 360Crisp platform is architecturally defensible and hard to replicate. Heinz Zero is a renovation that private label can mirror within months. The company is simultaneously investing in both but the resource allocation between them is not public, and the incentive structure historically favors the predictable (renovation) over the novel (platform). If platforms are where the future value lives, the current organizational design brand P&L accountability may be systematically under-resourced for the harder, longer bets.
03
The geographic paradox: the U.S. is broken, but the playbook was born abroad
Canada proved that simplified focus and "big bets" works. The UK proved product superiority beats price competition. Emerging markets proved the Heinz name travels farther than the product. But the U.S. 67% of revenue is a different animal: deeply category-competitive, private-label-aggressive, and home to a consumer that has explicitly moved away from what Kraft Heinz sells. Is an international turnaround blueprint truly transferable to the most demanding retail environment in the world? That's the $600M question.

Where the map
shows empty space.

🟥 Beyond Gap
Functional Nutrition: The $280B Adjacent Frontier
Nestlé has built a clinical nutrition business worth billions. PepsiCo acquired poppi for its prebiotic story. Kraft Heinz with brands in every meal occasion has no visible play in functional nutrition, gut health, or longevity-focused food science. Philadelphia cream cheese could become a probiotic platform. Heinz could own a fermented category. The ingredient IP and distribution already exist. The scientific vision does not yet.
Signal: No disclosed R&D in precision fermentation or clinical nutrition. This is Nestlé's moat and it's widening annually.
🟨 Edge Gap
Gen Z's Relationship With Food is Cultural, Not Categorical
Gen Z doesn't just buy food they perform identity through it. Lunchables Grilled Cheesies is a clever format innovation, but it's still talking to the same consumers Kraft has always had. The opportunity is in brand narrative: Heinz's "57 varieties" origin as a radical transparency act in a world of adulterated food is genuinely Gen Z-coded. The origin story pure food, honest ingredients, nothing to hide is a values alignment hiding in a heritage brand.
Signal: China's "tomato scrambled eggs" campaign generated 170bps of share. Cultural relevance through local meaning works. This thinking hasn't fully arrived in the U.S.
🟥 Beyond Gap
Evolv Ventures: An Abandoned Antenna
Evolv Ventures was Kraft Heinz's only systematic mechanism for watching what came next. It ran from 2018 to 2021, made four investments in supply chain and retail tech, and went quiet when its founder left. No successor. No new deals. The $100M mandate appears to have been quietly absorbed back into the balance sheet during the cost-cutting years. What makes this doubly costly is timing: food-tech investment collapsed from $49.8B in 2021 to $10.3B in 2024, meaning quality startups are now raising at historically cheap valuations. The window to rebuild a venture function and deploy capital at favorable prices is open right now. Without a live CVC or dedicated scouting capability, Kraft Heinz has no early warning system for the next disruption. They will find out about it when it hits shelves.
Signal: The same lean culture that killed Evolv is what the $600M investment is trying to reverse. Restoring a Beyond scouting function would be the clearest signal that the transformation is structural, not cyclical.
🟨 Edge Gap
AI Formulation as a Business Model, Not Just a Tool
The AI-powered product formulation engine currently serves Kraft Heinz internally. But the underlying capability machine learning that optimizes flavor, texture, and nutrition simultaneously is potentially licensable. If the system matures, it could become an ingredient intelligence platform available to the broader food industry, generating revenue from the very technology being built to fix Kraft Heinz's own innovation deficit. The Glenview Innovation Center could evolve from an internal R&D facility to an industry knowledge hub.
Signal: NVIDIA turned its chip design capability into an AI platform business. The technology Kraft Heinz is building to solve its own problems may have external commercial value.

The full picture,
unvarnished.

Portfolio Mapping Current State
🟩
Core (0–5yr) Functional, but dependent
Current profitable engine is real and generating cash. But after a decade of optimization, the Core is structurally over-indexed. The renovation strategy (less sugar, more protein) is necessary but not sufficient. The question isn't whether Core works it's whether Core profits are being reinvested fast enough into Edge and Beyond.
🟨
Edge (3–7yr) Proactive, not reactive
The 360Crisp platform and NotCo JV were built before crisis forced them that is the correct posture. Edge traction is real: Capri Sun resealable bottles are 60% incremental to the business in 16,000 new stores. The zone is growing. But the pipeline after these current bets is not publicly visible.
🟥
Beyond (7–15yr) Present but structurally blind
Kalpana nano-packaging is a genuine transformational bet. The AI formulation engine has real potential. But the company's only dedicated Beyond scouting vehicle, Evolv Ventures, went dormant in 2021 when its founder departed and was never replaced. One external packaging bet and one internal tool does not constitute a Beyond portfolio. Visionary language is present at the CEO level. The institutional machinery to find, fund, and develop what comes next is not.
Leadership & Culture Assessment
Maverick Protection
Leadership Agility
Self-Awareness
Failure Tolerance
Beyond Vision
Open Innovation
Critical Tension

The $600M investment is large enough to signal genuine commitment but small enough to raise the question: is this a permanent rebalancing of priorities, or a single-cycle investment that reverts under pressure? The real test comes when the next earnings shortfall arrives and it will. The culture that existed from 2015–2018 was rational given the incentives: cut costs, hit targets, earn bonuses. Those incentives haven't been publicly restructured. If the turnaround takes longer than two years to show results, the question of whether to stay the course or revert will test whether "disciplined but hungry" is genuinely embedded or just a CEO talking point.

Customer Signal Alignment
Core loyalists (50+)
Suburban families
Flexitarians
Gen Z / Alpha
Health optimizers
Sustainability advocates

Signal strength represents estimated degree of product portfolio alignment with each consumer segment's evolving needs.

Zone Allocation vs. Benchmark
Core Actual ~78% · Benchmark 70%
Edge Actual ~17% · Benchmark 20%
Beyond Actual ~5% · Benchmark 10%
Relativity Assessment
vs. Nestlé (industry gold standard) Behind
vs. PepsiCo (functional snacking) Behind
vs. General Mills Comparable
vs. Conagra (direct peer) Ahead
vs. Internal trajectory (2018→2026) Transforming
vs. Consumer expectations Responding
Theta Archetype Verdict
Disciplined but Hungry Transitioning
☑ △ ×
Core is functional and funding the reinvestment. Edge is gaining genuine traction with defensible platform bets. Beyond remains the critical gap structurally underfunded, insufficiently institutionalized, and dependent on a single named external bet. Kraft Heinz is not stagnant. It is not balanced. It is in motion which is the most interesting and precarious place a company can be. The next 24 months determine whether this becomes a genuine turnaround or a well-funded pause before the next decline.

Seeds planted today
won't bear fruit tomorrow.

The Theta zones tell you where innovation lives. The S-curve tells you when it grows. Every bet Kraft Heinz is placing today will mature on its own timeline. Understanding this separates patient capital from impatient disappointment.

S-Curve 1 · Optimization
Core Zone · 0 to 2 years

This is where Heinz Zero, the protein-added Mac & Cheese, and Lunchables renovations live. Returns are predictable. The curve is well understood. The risk is not that it fails — it's that it flattens. When incremental changes yield diminishing returns, the Core S-curve is signaling that it's time to shift weight to the next one.

Kraft Heinz status: Curve is active but flattening. Volume down 4.1% in 2025. The renovation strategy is buying time, not building momentum.
S-Curve 2 · Exploration
Edge Zone · 3 to 10 years

The 360Crisp platform, the NotCo JV, the Capri Sun resealable bottles. Results here are messy and returns are unclear. But the Theta principle is clear: this is where you must be building before the Core curve collapses. 360Crisp is already showing signs of clicking. Capri Sun is 60% incremental to the business. These are the early signals that an Edge curve is forming.

Kraft Heinz status: Curve is forming. This is the most critical zone to watch in the next 24 months. Momentum is real but thin.
S-Curve 3 · Transformation
Beyond Zone · 7 to 15+ years

The Kalpana nano-packaging technology and the AI formulation engine sit here. Unproven at scale. Unpopular inside a company fighting for near-term share. But these are precisely the seeds that, if planted now, give the company something to stand on when the Edge curve eventually flattens. The danger is not planting too early. It is waiting until you need the harvest to start the planting.

Kraft Heinz status: Curve not yet started. Two isolated bets. No scouting engine. The forest has two trees.

The timeline mismatch that defines the risk

Core innovation bears fruit in 0 to 2 years. Architectural innovation in 2 to 5. Disruptive innovation in 5 to 10. Transformational innovation in 7 to 15. Frontier research in 10 or more. These are not suggestions — they are the structural reality of how innovation compounds.

Kraft Heinz spent 2015 to 2021 planting almost exclusively in the 0 to 2 year horizon. The result is that the 5 to 10 year horizon — the window that would be maturing right now — is nearly empty. The NotCo JV and 360Crisp, both initiated around 2022, won't fully mature until 2027 to 2032. The Kalpana bet, if it works, won't reshape the industry until the early 2030s at the earliest.

This is not a pessimistic reading. It is the correct one. The $600M investment is the right move — but its fruits are on a 3 to 5 year timeline. The question shareholders are asking, and the answer that is not yet available, is whether the company has the patience and the governance to see that timeline through.

The Relativity Principle Applied to Kraft Heinz

Innovation is not absolute. The same technology sits in different zones depending on where you start. For the NotCo JV, AI-powered plant-based formulation is a disruptive bet for Kraft Heinz — it challenges their own core products. For NotCo itself, it is their entire Core business.

This means Kraft Heinz's Edge and Beyond moves are bolder than they look from the outside. A 150-year-old company deliberately funding the replacement of Oscar Mayer hot dogs is not a minor portfolio adjustment. Measured against internal inertia, it is a significant act of organizational courage. Measured against Nestlé's biotech labs and PepsiCo's Nvidia partnership, it is catching up.

Both readings are true simultaneously. That is the relativity principle in action.

What happens if you don't jump

52% of Fortune 500 companies from the year 2000 no longer exist. The average lifespan of an S&P 500 company has fallen from 60 years in the 1950s to under 20 years today. Kraft Heinz has been a dominant food institution for over a century. That legacy is not a guarantee of continuity. It is a reason to act with more urgency, not less.

Companies don't usually fail from a lack of innovation. They fail because they only innovate where it feels safe.