Case Study

An Economy Without Permission

How Block Uses Open Money to Rewire Access to the Global Economy

2B Unbanked Globally
57M Cash App Users
4M+ Square Merchants
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Money Has Gatekeepers

Today's financial system decides who counts. Bank accounts require documentation and credit. Underserved populations pay the highest fees. 2 billion people operate mostly in cash.

1.4B

Adults Remain Unbanked

70% live in emerging markets where access to traditional banking remains limited or impossible.

6-9%

Remittance Fees

Migrants lose up to 9% of earnings just to send money home through traditional channels.

90%

Cash Transactions

In many developing regions, cash remains dominant due to lack of accessible alternatives.

The Cost of Accessing Money
Overdraft/Access Fee
$35 flat
$0-3
Remittance Fee
6-9%
<1%
Merchant Processing
2.7-3.5%
Similar*
Traditional System
Block/Bitcoin

*Reducing with Bitcoin Lightning integration

Open, Permissionless Money

Block believes money should behave like the internet: borderless, inclusive by default, resistant to gatekeeping, and user-owned.

Square

Empowering 4M+ merchants with POS systems, software, and instant loans—many digitally enabled for the first time.

$

Cash App

57M users can earn, save, spend, and invest instantly—without a traditional bank account.

Afterpay

40M users access buy-now-pay-later services, boosting merchant sales by 20%+ without traditional credit.

🔑

Bitkey

Secure Bitcoin self-custody for anyone distrustful of institutions—truly own your savings.

TBD / tbDEX

Global transfers and decentralized identity without gatekeepers—enabling entrepreneurs in emerging markets.

Bitcoin Mining

Energy-based Bitcoin creation fueling decentralization at the community level.

The Neighborhood Flywheel

Block builds two ecosystems that meet in the middle—Square for merchants, Cash App for consumers. Once density builds in a city, Block becomes the default economic layer of that community.

Square Merchants
POS, software, loans, and payment processing
Local Commerce
65% of Cash App spend stays local
Cash App Users
Banking, investing, Bitcoin access
Afterpay
Discovery, checkout, rewards
Neighborhood
Economics
Product What It Enables Who Gains
Cash App Earn + spend instantly People excluded from traditional banks
Bitkey Secure savings you truly own Anyone distrustful of institutions
TBD / tbDEX Global transfers + identity without gatekeepers Entrepreneurs in emerging markets
Bitcoin Mining Energy-based Bitcoin creation Local communities fueling decentralization

From Banking the Unbanked to Skipping the Bank

Instead of replicating banks digitally, Block removes the need for permission entirely. Economic participation becomes a feature of the network, not a privilege granted by institutions.

50%+ Cash App users have no credit card
65% Of Cash App card spend stays with local merchants
20%+ Sales lift for merchants using Afterpay
100M+ People globally hold Bitcoin
The Circular Bitcoin Economy
Earn Cash App + Square Save Bitkey Spend Lightning Network Build TBD + Spiral Bitcoin

Not speculation — utility.

Where Block Innovates on the Theta Curve

The Theta Framework maps innovation across time horizons. Block invests across the entire curve— from today's mass participation to tomorrow's permissionless economies.

Core (0-2 yrs)
60%

Mass Participation

Square, Cash App, Afterpay

What it unlocks: Economic access at scale
Edge (2-5 yrs)
25%

Lower Fees + Speed

Lightning, Bitcoin in Cash App, Seller automation

What it unlocks: Instant, low-cost transactions
Beyond (5-10 yrs)
15%

Permissionless Economies

Bitkey, Spiral, TBD, Proto

What it unlocks: Self-sovereign finance
Competitive Landscape: Theta Positioning
Company Core Edge Beyond Limitation
Block ⭐⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐⭐ New rails > old rails
PayPal ⭐⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐ Closed rails
Revolut ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Regulated bank mindset
Coinbase ⭐⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐ Speculation-first
Visa/Mastercard ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Fee dependency

Everyone else fintechs banking. Block innovates around banking.

Theta Risk Map

Regulation
KYC/AML pressure
✓ Early regulator collaboration
UX Complexity
Self-custody confusion
✓ Bitkey simplicity
Bitcoin Volatility
Savings fear
✓ Instant merchant conversions
Network Adoption
Density required
✓ City-first rollout
Copycats
Core products imitable
✓ Moat: Network density + Bitcoin layer
Energy Scrutiny
ESG concerns
✓ Renewable-first Proto mining

Block isn't betting on crypto hype nor is it a fintech company. It's betting on open money becoming the financial infrastructure of the future.

"Where banks saw risk, 57 million saw a future."
The Block Story

An Economy That Grows for Everyone

Block isn't banking the unbanked—it's removing the need for banks to grant permission. Every neighborhood becomes an economic node. Every person becomes economically included.

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